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Nonaqueous titration  is the  titration  of substances dissolved in  solvents  other than water. It is the most common titrimetric procedure used in  pharmacopoeial   assays and serves a double purpose: it is suitable for the titration of very weak  acids  and very weak  bases , and it provides a  solvent  in which  organic compounds  are  soluble . The most commonly used procedure is the titration of  organic bases  with  perchloric acid in  anhydrous   acetic acid . These assays sometimes take some perfecting in terms of being able to judge the  endpoint  precisely. For obvious reasons  Karl Fischer titration  for water content is nonaqueous, usually done in  methanol  or sometimes in  ethanol . PRINCIPLE : The organic acids and bases are insoluble in water. These are extremely weak and cannot be analysed using normal titrimetric method...

Human respiratory system PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  The human respiratory system is made up of many organs such as nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and a pair of lungs. But, lungs are the main respiratory organs where exchange of gases takes place. Following is the detail of human respiratory system. 1. Nasal cavity    In human beings air containing oxygen enter the body through nose. There are present two holes in our nose called nostrils. The nostrils opens behind in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity lies above the buccal cavity. The function of nasal cavity is to moisten, warm and trap dust particles present in the air coming in it through nostrils.The nasal cavity opens behind in the pharynx. 2. Pharynx            Pharynx is a common passage for both the respiratory and digestive system. It leads into the  larynx (voice box) . 3. Larynx  ...

Your Digestive System:  Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair. Here's how it works. For more pharmacy Notes check PharmacyTheory Digestion  definition : The energy required for all the processes and activities that take place in our bodies is derived from the foods we ingest. The digestive system allows us to utilize food from such diverse sources as meat from an animal and the roots of a plant, and utilize them as an energy source. Whether it is the ability to coordinate the chewing of the food without injuring our tongue and lips or the propulsion of the food from the stomach into the duodenum while releasing the appropriate enzymes, our digestive system allows us to manage the process without much thought and often while performing other tasks. What is digestion? The process of digestion is a fascinating and complex one that takes the foo...

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System ‌ The organs of the male reproductive system are specialized for the following functions: To produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen)To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tractTo produce and secrete male sex hormones The male reproductive anatomy includes internal and external structures 1)Scrotum : The scrotum is a sac-like organ made of skin and muscles that houses the testes. It is located inferior to the penis in the pubic region. The scrotum is made up of 2 side-by-side pouches with a testis located in each pouch. The smooth muscles that make up the scrotum allow it to regulate the distance between the testes and the rest of the body. When the testes become too warm to support spermatogenesis, the scrotum relaxes to move the testes away from the body’s heat. Conversely, the scrotum contracts to move the testes closer to the body’s core heat when temperatures...

1/7 What Is the CNS (Central Nervous System)? The central nervous system consists of the brain and  spinal cord  (see Multimedia File 1). The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem. Nerve roots exit the spinal cord to both sides of the body. The spinal cord carries signals (messages) back and forth between the brain and the peripheral nerves. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and also circulates within the cavities (called ventricles) of the central nervous system. The leptomeninges surround the brain and the spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid circulates between 2 meningeal layers call...